Myofunctional Effect™ References

• Angle. The treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth Edition 7. Chapter 2. Philadelphia: 1907.

• Angle, E.H. The treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth. Philadelphia: S.S. White. 1907.

• Kloehn. A new approach to the analysis and treatment in mixed dentition.AGO-DO 1953 Mar 161-186.

• Walter J. Straub DDS, MS, FICD. Malfunction of the tongue: The abnormal swallowing habit: Its Cause, Affects, and Results in relation to Orthodontic Treatment and Speech Therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics 1962.

• Shanley L.S. The influence of mandibular third molars on mandibular anterior teeth. AM J ORTHOD 1962;48:786-7.

• Graber. The Three M’s. Muscles, malformation and malocclusion. AJO-DO 1963 Jun 418-450.

• Schwarze C. Expansion and Relapse in Long Follow Up Studies, a study of 500 patients - Orthodontic Dept. Of the University Dental Hospital in Cologne, 1964.

• Weinstein S. Minimal forces in tooth movement - American Journal of Orthodontics 1967;53:881-903.

• Sakuda M. Ishizwa M. Study of the Lip Bumper - J. Dent Res 1970;49:677

• Garliner Myofunctional Therapy in Dental practice. Institute of Myofunctional Therapy 1971.

• Profit W.R. Lingual pressure patterns in the transition from tongue thrust to adult swallowing. Arch Oral Biol 1972;17;555-63

• Kaplan R.G. Mandibular third molars and postretention crowding AM J ORTHOD 1974;66:411-30.

• Harvold, E.D.D.S., Ph.D., L.L.D., Tomer, B. D.D.S., Karin Vargervik, D.D.S., and George Chierici, D.D.S. Primate experiments on oral respiration - American Journal of Orthodontics Vol. 79, noo 4 April 1981.

• Gibbs C.H., Mahan PE Brehnan K- J Pros Dent. 1981.

• Enlow, Donald. Handbook of Facial Growth. Saunders 1982.

• K. Jansonius-Schultheiss, L. van Coppenolle, N.E. Beyaert - Afwijkende mondgewoonten - Uitgeverij Acco - 1e uitgave 1982.

• Dante Bresolin, D.D.S., M.S.D., Peter A. Sharpiro, .D.D.S., M.S.D., Gail G. Shapiro, G.M.D., Chapko, M.K. Ph. D., and Dassel, S. M.D. Brasilia, D.F., Brazil, and Seattle, Wash. “Mouth breathing in allergic children: Its relationship to dentofacial development. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1983.

• Dante Bresolin, DDS, MSD, Peter A. Shapiro, DDS, MSD, Gail G. Shapiro, MD et al. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1983.

• Howe, R.P., MacNamara J.A. and O’Conner K.A. An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimension - American Journal of Orthodontics 1983 83:263-273.

• Earl O. Bergersen. The Eruption Guidance Myofunctional Appliance - The Functional Orthodontics, Sept/Oct. 1984.

• Mouth breathing, nose breathing, allergy, facial development. Pediatrics 1984: 73;622-625:

• Studie from Rioco et al. 1987

• Rioco M., Brand Dt. D., Tenhave T. Association between occlusal characteristics and signs and symptoms of TMJ Dysfunction in Children and Young Adults - American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, December 1987.

• Nanda R. and Nanda S. Considerations of dentofacial growth in long term retention and stability: Is active retention needed? (Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1988;93:423-428)

• Little RM, Riedel RA, Artun J. - An evaluation of changes in mandibular anterior alignment from 10 to 20 years postretention. Am J Orthod and Dentofacial Orthop 1988; 93:423-8.

• Robert M. Little DDS MSD PhD, et al. An evaluation of changes in mandibular anterior alignment from 10 to 20 years postretention - American Journal of Ortodontics and Dentofacial Ortopedics 1988:93 423-8.

• Prof. Rof Frankel and Dr. Freidrick Falk. Effect of Frankel Appliance in treatment of Mandibular Tetrusion - American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, October 1989.

• M.A. Bramante DDS. Controversies in Orthodontics - The Dental Clinics of North America, January 1990.

• David L. Hime, DDS, MS and Hubert S. Owen, DDS, MSD. The Stability of Arch, Expansion Effects of Frankel Appliance Therapy- American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopics, November 1990.

• Mew, John. Orthodontics for the General Practitioner - American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, February 1990.

• William S. Osborn, DDS, MS, Ram S. Nanda, DDS, MS, PhD and G. Frans Currier, DDS, MSD. Mandibular Arch Perimeter Changes with Lip Bumper Treatment - Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, June 1991.

• Robert G. Keim DDS - American Journal of Dentofacial Orthodontics. May 1991.

• Albert Owen, DDS, MS - American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, October 1991.

• Donald G. Woodside, Sten Linder-Aronson, Anders Londstrom and John Mc. Wiliam. Mandibular and Maxillary Growth After Changed Mode of Breathing - American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1991;100:1-18.

• Nevant C.T, Buschang P.H, Alexander R.G. & Steffen J.M. Lip bumper therapy for gaining arch length.. (AM J ORTOD DENTOFAC ORTHOP 1991;100:330-6).

• Bresolin, Shapiro, et al. Mouth Breathing in Allergic Children: Its relationship to Dentofacial Development. Am J ORTHOD DENTOFAC ORTHOP 1991;100:330-6.

• Nevant C.T., Buschang P.H., Alexander R.G. and Steffen J.M. Lip Bumber Therapy for Gaining Arch Length. (Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1991;100:330-6)

• Woodside, Linder-Aronson, Londstrom and Mc Wiliam. Mandibular and Maxillary Growth After Changed Mode of Breathing. Am J ORTHOD DENTOFAC ORTHOP 1991;100:1-18.

• Alan M. Gross, Phd, Gloria D. Kellum, PhD, et al. American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics 1994 : 106 :635-40.

• Donald G. Woodside, Sten Linder-Aronson, Anders Londstrom and John McWilliam. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1991;100:1-18

• Ram S. Nanda, DDS, MS, Phd, and Surender K. Nanda, DDS, MS. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedies April 1992.

• Mew. Forecasting and monitoring facial growth. (Am J Orthod Dentofac AC Orthop 1993;104:105-20)

• Idema, N.K., P.H. Damsté. Habitueel mondademen. Een terreinverkenning. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. 1994

• Remmelink, H.J. Open-mondhouding.. Een overzicht. Ned. Tijdschrift Tandheelkunde, 101, 60-64. 1994

• Gross, Phd, Kellum, PhD, Michas, BS, Franz, BA, Foster, MS, Walker, BA, and Bishop, DDS, MS. Open-mouth posture and maxillary arch width in young children: A three-year evaluation. University, Miss.(AM J ORTHOD DENTOFAC ORTHOP 1994;106:635-40).

• Farrell, Chris. Instructions, personal papers and conservations. 1995-1996.

• Opavik. (Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1998;113;15A)

• Saadia, Valencia Six blind men and the elephant; A paradox story on relapse (Am Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1998;113;687-9)

• ZA Dr. G. Nellensteijn, Heino/ Niederlande

• Prof. Dr. Rolf Hinz, Herne

• Mew J.R.C. A new form of orthodontic treatment tested on identical twins. The London School of Facial Orthotropics, United Kingdom.

• Linder-Aronson, DDS, PhD, D.G. Woodside, DDSc, MSc(D), PhD(hc), E. Hellsing, DDS, PhD, and W. Emerson, DDS Huddinge, Sweden, Toronto, Canada, and Loma Linda, Calif. Normalization of incisor position after adenoidectomy.

Abstract One
“The influence of the lips in modifying the form of the dental arches is an interesting study, and almost every case of malocclusion offers some noticeable and varying manifestation of it”. In speaking of the upper and lower lips- “this force is exerted automatically in response to almost every emotion, and results in maintaining the teeth in harmony with the graceful and beautiful curve of the normal individual arch ………… In case of malocclusion, strikingly, characteristic abnormalities in lip function are often noticeable, leading to the suspicion that more often than is recognized, the peculiarities of lip function may have been the cause of forcing the teeth into the malpositions they occupy”.
Dr. E.H. Angle - The Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth Edition 7. Chapter 2. Philadelphia: 1907.


Abstract Two
American Journal of Orthodontics - Dentofacial Orthopedics Vol. 113 No. 6 June 1998
1. Readers Forum: page 14A
It has been observed that with cases of this type, treatment can be successful but retention very questionable. Muscle factors, tongue position, and function all play a great part and can lead to eventual change or recurrence of the original problems. My observation over the years has been that change is the only constant factor and that to expect complete long term stability is not possible. Let us hope that this muscle adaption to the new environment is satisfactory.
H. Brown Otopalik, DDS
Page 15A
“I would like to thank Dr. Otopalik for his generous comments regarding the case I presented in the December 1997 issue of the American Journal of Orthodontics an Dentofacial Orthopedics (1998;113:589-95). I agree with his concerns about muscle and tongue position and function.
With every orthodontics case, long term stability has been a major concern for any clinical orthodontist.
Jeryl D. English, DDS, MS
Readers Forum: Page 15A
to Dr. Graber
“It also stands clear to me that we are still focusing on the tip of the iceberg. Have you realized that, even with the use of orthopedic and functional appliances, the main goal is still “straightening of the teeth?”. The aim is still moving teeth, the tip of the iceberg. But, what about the ice below the ocean level, which counts for more than 90% of the iceberg mass?
What about all those muscles, soft tissue, nerves, tendons, bones etc. underneath the teeth?”……..
Marcos Nadler Gribel, DDS
2. Page 603
Nasal Obstruction and Facial Growth: The Strength of Evidence for Clinical Assumptions
“The orthodontic relevance of nasorespiratory obstruction and its effect on facial growth continues to be debated after almost a century of controversy. If both data and untested popular beliefs are subjected to the same rigorous criteria, indications for the orthodontic management of patients with nasorespiratory obstruction may gain a more rational approach to treatment recommendations”. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998;113;603-11)
Katherine W.L. Vig, BDS, MS, FDS, Dorth
3. Page 625
Unexpected Temporomandibular Joint Findings During Fixed Appliance Therapy
“This small study seems to suggest that temporomandibular joint signs and symptoms are changing inconsistent, and ephemeral in many orthodontic patients regardless of the treatment mechanics”. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998;113:625-31)
Albert H. Owen III, DDS, MSD
4. Page 687
“After we remove the braces, must we retain for life or risk becoming part of the 90% failure rate?”
To create a difference, we must have the audacity to retrace our steps, bring together all interested persons, and have the courage to build and confront differences. The truth is not a truth of preference, but a truth that will set the wheel in motion to negotiate a more realistic approach to counteract the relapse phenomenon.”
Prof. Marc Saadia, DDS, MS, and Roberto Valencia, DDS